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https://www.valigiablu.it/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/VB-Logo-testata-sito-2023.jpg){kind=logo}
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Attivismo e resistenza digitale
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4 min lettura
Trovo, da anni, estremamente affascinante lo studio dell’uso “creativo” delle tecnologie in contesti particolarmente delicati. Penso a situazioni di sommossa sociale violenta, di “rivoluzione” più o meno estesa territorialmente, di regimi repressivi, ma anche di eventi di protesta civili e pacifici.
Pur essendo d’accordo con chi sostiene che non sono le tecnologie da sole a fare le rivoluzioni, o a rendere fruttuose le attività di dissidenza, il contributo apportato, anche da numerosi hacker, nel corso di simili accadimenti è indubbio, e può rivelarsi estremamente interessante.
Non solo: predisporre, da parte degli attivisti che stanno per scendere nelle strade e nelle piazze, una precisa ed efficiente strategia di utilizzo delle tecnologie oggi disponibili può, sia nell’immediato sia sul lungo periodo, portare buoni frutti.
La prima cosa che noto, forse banale, è che l’uso più intelligente di telefonini, smartphone, Twitter e Facebook in momenti di rivolta sociale avviene nelle situazioni più violente e, sovente, meno evolute tecnologicamente. In simili contesti, si cerca di scardinare il sistema attraverso testimonianza, aggregazione (e miglioramento dei dati) e memoria.
Questi tre punti, così diffusi in Paesi a noi lontani, possono essere di utile comprensione anche per l’utilizzo in situazioni più pacifiche.
Testimonianza
L’uso della tecnologia come strumento di testimonianza (Ushahidi, la piattaforma open source per il crowdsourcing più utilizzata in situazioni di emergenza significa appunto, in Swahili, “testimone”) è il primo che viene in mente. L’idea di testimoniare attraverso gli strumenti che ci troviamo a disposizione (da un sofisticato iPhone4 sino a un obsoleto Nokia di prima generazione) è apparentemente banale: si cerca di essere sul luogo del fatto che interessa, e si riprende. Punto. (Valigia Blu ha utilizzato, ad esempio, la piattaforma Ushahidi durante l'emergenza rifiuti ndr)
L’unica cosa non banale è, però, sapere cosa e come riprendere. Il dilemma si scioglie facilmente nel caso, tanto per fare un esempio, del testimone che cerca di riprendere o fotografare episodi di violenza etnica, di omicidi o violenze di regime, di danni all’ambiente. La testimonianza è l’elemento che più spaventa l’autorità e, al contempo, il più idoneo a suggestionare, spesso a disgustare, l’osservatore. Tanto è più importante, quanto è in grado di svelare qualcosa, e non soltanto di testimoniarlo: dare un volto chiaro a un soggetto (per poi diffonderlo, o consegnarlo alle forze dell’ordine), o cristallizzare un’azione destinata a svanire in fretta.
Anche i recenti fatti di Roma sono stati caratterizzati da un apparato incredibile, senza precedenti, di tecnologie in mano ai soggetti che si trovavano in quei luoghi. I video che scorrono testimoniano come tutti avessero in mano uno smartphone, intenti a parlare, a digitare su Twitter o su Facebook, o a riprendere. Probabilmente tutto questo materiale prodotto, che sarà già su YouTube e in altri siti, servirà da testimonianza degli avvenimenti per mesi e mesi a venire.
Aggregazione
Il secondo punto, ossia la capacità delle tecnologie e dei contenuti generati dalle tecnologie di aggregare, di permettere una sorta di interpretazione globale dei fatti, è anch’esso molto interessante.
Uno stesso fatto può essere ripreso da più fonti, da più angolazioni, o una ripresa interrotta può essere completata da una ripresa successiva di un altro attivista. L’aggregazione (ma anche l’analisi e il miglioramento del materiale girato o fotografato) è fondamentale nel processo di comprensione lucida degli accadimenti.
Oggi esistono strumenti informatici appositi, usati spesso anche a fini investigativi, nati proprio per “automatizzare” questo processo e per presentare gli esiti di questa elaborazione nel modo migliore (si pensi a sofisticati software per il riconoscimento facciale).
La post-elaborazione, come è chiaro, entra in conflitto con l’immediatezza, con la necessità di far circolare subito il materiale. Ma l’esperienza insegna che aggregare, elaborare e migliorare i dati spesso aumenta l’impatto che gli stessi hanno su chi li consulta, favorendo una comprensione più ampia.
Memoria
Il terzo punto, quello della memoria, è spesso trascurato, ma anch’esso di grande importanza. Memoria significa utilizzare le tecnologie per creare grandi archivi che permettano, in futuro, di ricordare, per far sì che gli accadimenti non svaniscano dalla memoria collettiva, che certi fatti non si possano ripetere o, se si dovessero ripetere, che possano avere dei riferimenti precisi nel passato.
Oggi la rete permette di organizzare archivi ordinati e comprensibili (per i contenuti legali mi viene in mente l’archivio di casi della EFF, tra i più completi) che tengano traccia degli avvenimenti, che si succedono sempre più rapidi. Questa terza fase è quella che, di solito, viene tenuta in minor considerazione, perché richiede un metodo e del tempo per ordinare i dati affinché siano utilmente fruibili. Ma è, sul lungo periodo, probabilmente l’aspetto più importante anche per chi quell’informazione dovrà utilizzarla.
Questi tre fattori – l’uso di strumenti per testimoniare, un momento di aggregazione e di miglioramento dei dati per fornire agli stessi il maggior potenziale informativo possibile e l’archiviazione dei dati perché costituiscano memoria – dovrebbero essere, oggi, i primi tre cardini di una strategia utile di attivismo utilizzando la rete e le tecnologie. Ciò perché in qualsiasi contesto, da situazioni occasionalmente violente ad ambienti di costante violazione dei diritti umani, costituiscono l’arma più potente – spesso l’unica – per far sì che la gente realmente venga a sapere.
Giovanni Ziccardi - Università di Milano
autore del libro Hacker
@valigiablu - riproduzione consigliata
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Perché l’indignazione non farà notizia
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Global change? Mentre il laboratorio della rivoluzione si incarta, la vera rivoluzione si fa nei laboratori della ricerca
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